|
Stevia
Cultivation
Description:
Stevia
Latin
name : STEVIA REBAUDIANA
Family : Chrysanthemum
Common Name : Stevia
Parts Used : Leaves
Introduction
:
Stevia leaves have functional and sensory properties
superior to
those of many other high potency sweeteners. Stevia is likely to become a major
source of high potency sweetener for the growing natural food market in the
future. Although Stevia can be helpful to anyone, there are certain groups who
are more likely to benefit from its remarkable sweetening potential. These
include diabetics, those interested in decreasing caloric intake, and children.
Plant Description :
Stevia rebaudiana is a small perennial growing up to 65-80 cm tall, with
sessile, oppositely arranged leaves. Different species of Stevia contain
several potential sweetening compounds, with Stevia rebaudiana being the
sweetest of all. Stevia is a semi-humid subtropical plant that can be grown
easily like any other vegetable crop even in the kitchen garden. The soil
should be in the pH range of 6.5- 7.5; well-drained red soil and sandy loam
soil. Saline soils should be avoided to cultivate this plant.
Distribution :
Stevia is been successfully cultivated in the recent years at many areas of
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Kerela,Utter Perdash ,Tamil
Nadu and Orissa. The increasing demands for natural sweeteners have driven the
farmers in India
for Stevia cultivation in large scale.
Chemical composition :
Diterpene Glycoside is the group of natural sweeteners that have been extracted
from Stevia. The leaves of wild Stevia plants contain 0.3 % dulcoside, 0.6%
rebaudioside C, 3.8 % rebaudioside A and 9.1 % stevioside.
Uses of Stevia :
Stevia is safe for diabetics, as it does, not affect blood sugar levels.
Stevia does not have the neurological or renal side effects of some of the
artificial sweeteners.
Stevia possess anti-fungal and anti-bacterial property also in addition to its
other versatile uses. It can be safely used in herbal medicines, tonics for
diabetic patients and also in the daily usage products like mouthwashes, and
tooth pastes.
Mild Stevia leaf tea offers excellent relief for an upset stomach
Brief Investment Strategy:
100 KGS OF STEVIA EXTRACT CAN BE PROCESSED INTO 8-12 KGS OF FINAL PRODUCT (
WHITE SUGAR)
WHICH IS 8-12%, THE FINAL PRODUCT IS CALLED "STEVIOCIDES".
Cost per acre
( expenses such as land, irrigation, plants, plantation cost, natural manure,
labour cost, bore well cost, processing machine cost & Misce cost)
Rs.3.45 lac per acre (one time cost)
Rs.1 lac per acre/year (recurring cost per year)
Yield from Each Acre: 4000 kg / year / acre
Total Produce per acre per year in Rupees: 4000 x 90 = Rs.3.6 lacs
Hence Profit per 1 acres per year in Rupees: Rs.3.6 lacs - 1 lac = 2.6 lacs
Minimum Investment Required: 5 acres & above
Distributors of the products can offer Letter Of Intent to the investors to
purchase the produce. Hence marketing is never an issue to the project.
Kind Regards.S.K. Bhatnagar
Please contact... sneh.bhatnagar@gmail.com
9336142897 fax 0522 4044933
MODEL ON OYSTER MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
1. Introduction A model scheme for
cultivation of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) with commercial viability and being bankable has been prepared keeping in
view the Agro-climatic conditions and other related aspects for successful cultivation of the mushroom and its subsequent
marketing. The model proposed is to be initially implemented in the districts of Patna and Lakhiserai. Mushroom has
been identified as an activity for financing under SGSY in Lakhiserai. Apart from this, cultivation of mushroom can
be taken up on a large scale by individual entrepreneurs also. The agro-climatic conditions as well as local availability
of raw material makes mushroom cultivation an economically viable preposition in these districts. Mushrooms, also called
‘white vegetables’ or ‘boneless vegetarian meat’ contain ample amounts of proteins , vitamins, fibers
and medicines. Mushroom contains 20-35% protein (dry weight) which is higher than those of vegetables and fruits and is of
superior quality. It is considered ideal for patients of hypertension and diabetics. Mushroom offers prospects for converting
lignocellulosic residues from agricultural fields, forests into protein rich biomass. Such processing of agro waste not only
reduces environmental pollution but the by product of mushroom cultivation is also a good source of manure, animal feeds and
soil conditioner. Mushroom has a huge domestic and foreign market. It is estimated that there is a world market for 20 lakh
tonnes per annum in which the contribution of India is negligible. In the domestic market also the availability of mushroom
is limited to cities and big towns only. Mushrooms can be not only in raw form but also in dried form. There is huge international
demand for dried mushroom and the farmers gets a farm gate price of around Rs.250 per kg for dried oyster mushroom. There
are exporters in the market who are willing to supply the spawn (seed material) and also buy the dried mushrooms. The cultivation of
Oyster mushroom or Dhingri mushroom or Pleurotus spp is relatively simple and it can be a homestead project. The agro- climatic
conditions prevailing in Bihar is conducive for mushroom cultivation especially during the months of September to March
when the temperature is 20-30 C and relative humidity is 70-80%. The production gradually decreases during peak periods of
cold from 25 December to 14 January. Even during this period, cultivation of cold tolerant strains can be adopted. Considering
its suitability to the agro-climatic region and its potential to generate employment and income, a bankable model on cultivation
of oyster mushroom has been since prepared. Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotusspp.) Pleurotus spp. is
one of the choice edible mushrooms which can be cultivated in the tropics. It has gained importance only in the last
decade and is now being cultivated in many countries in the subtropical and temperate zones. In Europe it is known as
the oyster mushroom (P.ostreatus), while in China it is called the balone mushroom (P.abalonus or P. cystidiosus). Several
other species are now available for cultivation. These are P.sajor-caju, P.florida (probably a variant of P.ostrcatus),
P.sapidus, P.eryngii, P. columbinus, P.cornucopiae, and P.abellatus. The different species of Pleurotus are suited to growing within a
temperature range of 15 to 30oC, P.sajor-caju is tolerant of a tropical temperature of 28-30oC although,
it fruits faster and produces larger mushrooms at 25oC during the cooler months of the year or in the highlands
of the tropics. This is the species now popularly grown in the tropical Southeast Asian countries, including India.
P.abalonus prefers lower temperatures of 22-24oC and is most popular among the Chinese. P.ostreatus is the
so-called low-temperature pleurotus, fruiting mostly at 12-20oC. This species is more suited to the temperate climates
of Europe and the United States, although many growers in the USA are also producing P.sajor-caju. Like the other mushrooms,
Pleurotus spp. can be grown on various agricultural waste materials, with the use of different technologies. They grow
well on different types of lignocellulosic materials, converting the materials into digestible and protein-rich substances
suitable for animal feeds. Pleurotus spp. may be produced in the tropics on a mixture of sawdust and rice bran, rice
straw and rice bran, saw dust and ipil-ipil leaves and other combinations of tropical wastes. Other wastes such as corncobs,
cotton waste, sugarcane bagasse and laves, corn leaves, grasses, rice hulls, and water hyacinth leaves are also good substrates
for growing this mushroom (Quimio, 1986). The substrates used in each region depend upon the availability of agricultural
wastes. Sterilization / Pasteurization The use of a pressure cooker to sterilize
Pleurotus substrate is not recommended since sterilization kills beneficial micro organisms which are present in the substrate,
as well as the harmful ones. In addition, nutrients in the compost are broken down by sterilization into forms more
favorable for the growth and development of competing micro organisms (FAO, 1983). Thus, substrates that are sterilized
are easily contaminated unless spawned under very aseptic conditions, as in media and spawn preparation. Steaming at 100oC
(pasteurisation) is more acceptable because the cost is lower (the steamer may only be an ordinary large-capacity casserole
or a drum) and substrates thus steamed are less susceptible to contamination. The substrate is steamed for 2-3 hours,
depending on the volume and the size of the bags. When using a lower temperature (60-70oC) as in the case of room or
bulk pasteurisation, the substrates, whether in bulk or already packed in bags, are steamed for at least 6 to 8 hours.
Plate 11 shows a range of low-cost steamers designed for the tropics. Inoculation
/ Spawning Spawning is carried out aseptically; preferably using the same transfer chamber or the same inoculation room as is
used in spawn preparation. Grain or sawdust spawn is commonly used to inoculate the substrate in bags. With grain spawn, the
bottle is shaken to separate the seeds colonized with the white mycelium. After lifting the plug and flaming the mouth
of the bottle, a few spawn grains (about 1 to 2 tsp.) are poured into the substrate bag. Both the plug of the spawn
and the plug of the compost bag are replaced and the next bags are then inoculated. The newly inoculated bags are slightly
tilted to distribute the grains evenly in the shoulder area of the bag around the neck. For sawdust spawn, the spawn is broken
up with an aseptic needle. A piece of the spawn may then be transferred, using a long flat-spooned needle especially
designed to scoop the spawn. One bottle of grain or sawdust spawn in a 500-ml dextrose bottle is sufficient to inoculate
40 to 50 bags. The highly industrialized method involves bulk-pasteurisation and bulk-spawning before the substrates are distributed
in beds similar to those used for Agaricus. The system is labour-saving but requires more complex equipment. Bulk
material processing and handling are highly risky for tropical mushroom cultivation due to the risk of contamination. Incubation The spawned compost bags are kept in a dark room until the mycelium has fully penetrated
to the bottom of the substrate. In 20 to 30 days, depending upon the substrate/substrate combination, the substrate
appears white, due to the growth of the mycelium. The bags are kept for an additional week before they are opened to
check that the mycelium is mature enough to fruit. Most strains of the mushroom form primordia after 3 to 4 weeks of
mycelial growth. The bags are opened, to initiate fruiting, inside a mushroom house. Fruiting A mushroom house should be used and its size will depend on the number of bags prepared at any one time.
The house may be built of Nipa, sawali, wood or concrete. Air vents on the upper walls will provide the ventilation
required for the development of the sporocarps. At the same time a small amount of light should be provided inside the
house. The walls may be covered with plastic or foam sheets to increase the relative humidity (80.95%) in the production
house. Shelves, made from bamboo or wood, line both sides of the house. The shelves are on bamboo frames, one shelf
above the other, with about 40-50 cm space between them. They should be strong enough to hold the bags or blocks containing
the compost. The bags are opened by removing the plug and the PVC pipe neck, then rolling down the mouth of the bag. Alternatively,
the mouth portion may be cut off with a razor blade, or the bag may be slit either criss-crossed at four to six places, or
simply slashed lengthwise. When following the latter technique, the bags may be suspended with a rope or string.
When using blocks instead of bags, the blocks are opened either completely or with only the surface or upper portions exposed. Fruiting requires
an appropriate temperature range (20-28oC), ventilation, light moisture and humidity (80.-95%). To provide moisture,
daily watering of the substrate is required. Watering, however, should not be so excessive that the substrate becomes
waterlogged. If the temperature inside the house rises to more than 30oC, a light water mist should be frequently used to lower
the temperature and hasten fruiting. Doors and windows may also be opened, especially at night, to allow the cool night
air to enter. Approximately 3 to 4 days after opening the bags, mushroom primordia will begin to form. Mature mushrooms should
be ready for harvesting in another 2 to 3 days. If the substrate has not yet been completely colonized, the onset of
fruiting will be delayed. To harvest the mushrooms, they should be grasped by the stalk and gently twisted and pulled. A knife
should not be used. If kept in a refrigerator or in a cool place, the mushrooms should remain fresh for up to 3 to 6
days. After harvesting from the top end of the bag, the other end may be opened to allow fruiting. The two ends are
sometimes opened and allowed to fruit at the same time. After harvesting from the end portions, slits may be made on
the central portion of the bag so that more mushrooms can develop. When a sawdust substrate is used, the harvested surface
may be scraped lightly to expose a new surface for fruiting. As long as the substrate appears white, mushrooms will
continue to form under adequate environmental conditions. When it appears colorless and soft, it is time to remove the
bags from the house. Yield Yield ranges from about 100-200% of the dry weight of the substrate
and depends on the substrate combination as well as the way in which the substrate has been managed during the fruiting season.
From personal observations, the richer the combination and the whiter and denser the mycelium, the greater will be the mushroom
yield. To increase yield, the most common supplement used is urea or orchid fertilizer dissolved in water (100 gm in 100
liters water). Using a plastic mist sprayer, the solution is sprayed on the surface immediately before fruiting. | Oyster
Mushroom-Expenditure and Economics | | | | | Unit size : 200 Kg. Paddy straw/batch of 100 Kg. Mushrooms / batch | | | | | | | A. | Break up details
of expenditure: | Amount (Rs.) | | | | | | | | | I. Capital Cost | | | | | a) Thatched shed with wooden platform (250 sq.ft) | 250 | 50 | 12500 | | b) Vessels,
heating equipments and Rocker sprayer-Set | 1 | 4000 | 4000 | | | | | 16500 | | | | | | | II. Recurring cost (for first batch capitalised) | | | | | a) Polythene
bags (200 Nos.) | 200 | 3 | 600 | | b) Paddy straw (200 Kg.) | 200 | 4 | 800 | | c) Spawn 50 bottles | 50 | 14 | 700 | | d) Labour
charges | 20 | 50 | 1000 | | e) Fuel cost-Lump sum | 1 | 600 | 600 | | | | | 3700 | | | | | | | Total Cost | | | 20200 | | Margin @ 20% | | | 4040 | | Term Loan
amount | | | 16160 | | | | | | |
B | Assumptions | | | Sl.No. | Particulars / Year | 1 | 2 to 5 | 1 | Recurring
cost / Years | 14800 | 37000 | 2 | Batches per year-No. | 4 | 10 | 3 | Yield assumption (Kg.) | 400 | 1000 | 4 | Sale Price (Rs. Per Kg) | 60 | |
FINANCIAL INDICATORS | | | | | | Items | I Year | IIYear | III Year | IVYear | VYear | Expenditure | 14800 | 37000 | 37740 | 38495 | 39265 | Income | 24000 | 60000 | 60000 | 60000 | 60000 | Net Income | 9200 | 23000 | 22260 | 21505 | 20735 | D.F.@ 15% | 0.870 | 0.756 | 0.658 | 0.572 | 0.497 | Discounted cost | 12876 | 27972 | 24833 | 22019 | 19515 | Discounted Benefits | 20880 | 45360 | 39480 | 34320 | 29820 | Net present worth | 8004 | 17388 | 14647 | 12301 | 10305 | N.P.V | 53773 | | | | | B.C.R | 1.58 | | | | | I.R.R at 16.5% | > 50% | | | | | Avg DSCR | 4.21 | : 1 | | | |
Repayment Schedule | Amount in Rupees | | Year | Loan
Outstanding | Interest @
12% | Net income | Repayment | Net Surplus or Deficit | | | | | Principal | Interest | | 1 | 16160 | 1939 | 9200 | | 1939 | 7261 | 2 | 16160 | 1939 | 23000 | 3232 | 1939 | 17829 | 3 | 12928 | 1551 | 22260 | 4848 | 1551 | 15861 | 4 | 8080 | 970 | 21505 | 4848 | 970 | 15688 | 5 | 3232 | 388 | 20735 | 3232 | 388 | 17115 | | | | | | | | MODEL ON OYSTER MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
1. Introduction A model scheme for
cultivation of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) with commercial viability and being bankable has been prepared keeping in
view the Agro-climatic conditions and other related aspects for successful cultivation of the mushroom and its subsequent
marketing. The model proposed is to be initially implemented in the districts of Patna and Lakhiserai. Mushroom has
been identified as an activity for financing under SGSY in Lakhiserai. Apart from this, cultivation of mushroom can
be taken up on a large scale by individual entrepreneurs also. The agro-climatic conditions as well as local availability
of raw material makes mushroom cultivation an economically viable preposition in these districts. Mushrooms, also called
‘white vegetables’ or ‘boneless vegetarian meat’ contain ample amounts of proteins , vitamins, fibers
and medicines. Mushroom contains 20-35% protein (dry weight) which is higher than those of vegetables and fruits and is of
superior quality. It is considered ideal for patients of hypertension and diabetics. Mushroom offers prospects for converting
lignocellulosic residues from agricultural fields, forests into protein rich biomass. Such processing of agro waste not only
reduces environmental pollution but the by product of mushroom cultivation is also a good source of manure, animal feeds and
soil conditioner. Mushroom has a huge domestic and foreign market. It is estimated that there is a world market for 20 lakh
tonnes per annum in which the contribution of India is negligible. In the domestic market also the availability of mushroom
is limited to cities and big towns only. Mushrooms can be not only in raw form but also in dried form. There is huge international
demand for dried mushroom and the farmers gets a farm gate price of around Rs.250 per kg for dried oyster mushroom. There
are exporters in the market who are willing to supply the spawn (seed material) and also buy the dried mushrooms. The cultivation of
Oyster mushroom or Dhingri mushroom or Pleurotus spp is relatively simple and it can be a homestead project. The agro- climatic
conditions prevailing in Bihar is conducive for mushroom cultivation especially during the months of September to March
when the temperature is 20-30 C and relative humidity is 70-80%. The production gradually decreases during peak periods of
cold from 25 December to 14 January. Even during this period, cultivation of cold tolerant strains can be adopted. Considering
its suitability to the agro-climatic region and its potential to generate employment and income, a bankable model on cultivation
of oyster mushroom has been since prepared. Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotusspp.) Pleurotus spp. is
one of the choice edible mushrooms which can be cultivated in the tropics. It has gained importance only in the last
decade and is now being cultivated in many countries in the subtropical and temperate zones. In Europe it is known as
the oyster mushroom (P.ostreatus), while in China it is called the balone mushroom (P.abalonus or P. cystidiosus). Several
other species are now available for cultivation. These are P.sajor-caju, P.florida (probably a variant of P.ostrcatus),
P.sapidus, P.eryngii, P. columbinus, P.cornucopiae, and P.abellatus. The different species of Pleurotus are suited to growing within a
temperature range of 15 to 30oC, P.sajor-caju is tolerant of a tropical temperature of 28-30oC although,
it fruits faster and produces larger mushrooms at 25oC during the cooler months of the year or in the highlands
of the tropics. This is the species now popularly grown in the tropical Southeast Asian countries, including India.
P.abalonus prefers lower temperatures of 22-24oC and is most popular among the Chinese. P.ostreatus is the
so-called low-temperature pleurotus, fruiting mostly at 12-20oC. This species is more suited to the temperate climates
of Europe and the United States, although many growers in the USA are also producing P.sajor-caju. Like the other mushrooms,
Pleurotus spp. can be grown on various agricultural waste materials, with the use of different technologies. They grow
well on different types of lignocellulosic materials, converting the materials into digestible and protein-rich substances
suitable for animal feeds. Pleurotus spp. may be produced in the tropics on a mixture of sawdust and rice bran, rice
straw and rice bran, saw dust and ipil-ipil leaves and other combinations of tropical wastes. Other wastes such as corncobs,
cotton waste, sugarcane bagasse and laves, corn leaves, grasses, rice hulls, and water hyacinth leaves are also good substrates
for growing this mushroom (Quimio, 1986). The substrates used in each region depend upon the availability of agricultural
wastes. Sterilization / Pasteurization The use of a pressure cooker to sterilize
Pleurotus substrate is not recommended since sterilization kills beneficial micro organisms which are present in the substrate,
as well as the harmful ones. In addition, nutrients in the compost are broken down by sterilization into forms more
favorable for the growth and development of competing micro organisms (FAO, 1983). Thus, substrates that are sterilized
are easily contaminated unless spawned under very aseptic conditions, as in media and spawn preparation. Steaming at 100oC
(pasteurisation) is more acceptable because the cost is lower (the steamer may only be an ordinary large-capacity casserole
or a drum) and substrates thus steamed are less susceptible to contamination. The substrate is steamed for 2-3 hours,
depending on the volume and the size of the bags. When using a lower temperature (60-70oC) as in the case of room or
bulk pasteurisation, the substrates, whether in bulk or already packed in bags, are steamed for at least 6 to 8 hours.
Plate 11 shows a range of low-cost steamers designed for the tropics. Inoculation
/ Spawning Spawning is carried out aseptically; preferably using the same transfer chamber or the same inoculation room as is
used in spawn preparation. Grain or sawdust spawn is commonly used to inoculate the substrate in bags. With grain spawn, the
bottle is shaken to separate the seeds colonized with the white mycelium. After lifting the plug and flaming the mouth
of the bottle, a few spawn grains (about 1 to 2 tsp.) are poured into the substrate bag. Both the plug of the spawn
and the plug of the compost bag are replaced and the next bags are then inoculated. The newly inoculated bags are slightly
tilted to distribute the grains evenly in the shoulder area of the bag around the neck. For sawdust spawn, the spawn is broken
up with an aseptic needle. A piece of the spawn may then be transferred, using a long flat-spooned needle especially
designed to scoop the spawn. One bottle of grain or sawdust spawn in a 500-ml dextrose bottle is sufficient to inoculate
40 to 50 bags. The highly industrialized method involves bulk-pasteurisation and bulk-spawning before the substrates are distributed
in beds similar to those used for Agaricus. The system is labour-saving but requires more complex equipment. Bulk
material processing and handling are highly risky for tropical mushroom cultivation due to the risk of contamination. Incubation The spawned compost bags are kept in a dark room until the mycelium has fully penetrated
to the bottom of the substrate. In 20 to 30 days, depending upon the substrate/substrate combination, the substrate
appears white, due to the growth of the mycelium. The bags are kept for an additional week before they are opened to
check that the mycelium is mature enough to fruit. Most strains of the mushroom form primordia after 3 to 4 weeks of
mycelial growth. The bags are opened, to initiate fruiting, inside a mushroom house. Fruiting A mushroom house should be used and its size will depend on the number of bags prepared at any one time.
The house may be built of Nipa, sawali, wood or concrete. Air vents on the upper walls will provide the ventilation
required for the development of the sporocarps. At the same time a small amount of light should be provided inside the
house. The walls may be covered with plastic or foam sheets to increase the relative humidity (80.95%) in the production
house. Shelves, made from bamboo or wood, line both sides of the house. The shelves are on bamboo frames, one shelf
above the other, with about 40-50 cm space between them. They should be strong enough to hold the bags or blocks containing
the compost. The bags are opened by removing the plug and the PVC pipe neck, then rolling down the mouth of the bag. Alternatively,
the mouth portion may be cut off with a razor blade, or the bag may be slit either criss-crossed at four to six places, or
simply slashed lengthwise. When following the latter technique, the bags may be suspended with a rope or string.
When using blocks instead of bags, the blocks are opened either completely or with only the surface or upper portions exposed. Fruiting requires
an appropriate temperature range (20-28oC), ventilation, light moisture and humidity (80.-95%). To provide moisture,
daily watering of the substrate is required. Watering, however, should not be so excessive that the substrate becomes
waterlogged. If the temperature inside the house rises to more than 30oC, a light water mist should be frequently used to lower
the temperature and hasten fruiting. Doors and windows may also be opened, especially at night, to allow the cool night
air to enter. Approximately 3 to 4 days after opening the bags, mushroom primordia will begin to form. Mature mushrooms should
be ready for harvesting in another 2 to 3 days. If the substrate has not yet been completely colonized, the onset of
fruiting will be delayed. To harvest the mushrooms, they should be grasped by the stalk and gently twisted and pulled. A knife
should not be used. If kept in a refrigerator or in a cool place, the mushrooms should remain fresh for up to 3 to 6
days. After harvesting from the top end of the bag, the other end may be opened to allow fruiting. The two ends are
sometimes opened and allowed to fruit at the same time. After harvesting from the end portions, slits may be made on
the central portion of the bag so that more mushrooms can develop. When a sawdust substrate is used, the harvested surface
may be scraped lightly to expose a new surface for fruiting. As long as the substrate appears white, mushrooms will
continue to form under adequate environmental conditions. When it appears colorless and soft, it is time to remove the
bags from the house. Yield Yield ranges from about 100-200% of the dry weight of the substrate
and depends on the substrate combination as well as the way in which the substrate has been managed during the fruiting season.
From personal observations, the richer the combination and the whiter and denser the mycelium, the greater will be the mushroom
yield. To increase yield, the most common supplement used is urea or orchid fertilizer dissolved in water (100 gm in 100
liters water). Using a plastic mist sprayer, the solution is sprayed on the surface immediately before fruiting. | Oyster
Mushroom-Expenditure and Economics | | | | | Unit size : 200 Kg. Paddy straw/batch of 100 Kg. Mushrooms / batch | | | | | | | A. | Break up details
of expenditure: | Amount (Rs.) | | | | | | | | | I. Capital Cost | | | | | a) Thatched shed with wooden platform (250 sq.ft) | 250 | 50 | 12500 | | b) Vessels,
heating equipments and Rocker sprayer-Set | 1 | 4000 | 4000 | | | | | 16500 | | | | | | | II. Recurring cost (for first batch capitalised) | | | | | a) Polythene
bags (200 Nos.) | 200 | 3 | 600 | | b) Paddy straw (200 Kg.) | 200 | 4 | 800 | | c) Spawn 50 bottles | 50 | 14 | 700 | | d) Labour
charges | 20 | 50 | 1000 | | e) Fuel cost-Lump sum | 1 | 600 | 600 | | | | | 3700 | | | | | | | Total Cost | | | 20200 | | Margin @ 20% | | | 4040 | | Term Loan
amount | | | 16160 | | | | | | |
B | Assumptions | | | Sl.No. | Particulars / Year | 1 | 2 to 5 | 1 | Recurring
cost / Years | 14800 | 37000 | 2 | Batches per year-No. | 4 | 10 | 3 | Yield assumption (Kg.) | 400 | 1000 | 4 | Sale Price (Rs. Per Kg) | 60 | |
FINANCIAL INDICATORS | | | | | | Items | I Year | IIYear | III Year | IVYear | VYear | Expenditure | 14800 | 37000 | 37740 | 38495 | 39265 | Income | 24000 | 60000 | 60000 | 60000 | 60000 | Net Income | 9200 | 23000 | 22260 | 21505 | 20735 | D.F.@ 15% | 0.870 | 0.756 | 0.658 | 0.572 | 0.497 | Discounted cost | 12876 | 27972 | 24833 | 22019 | 19515 | Discounted Benefits | 20880 | 45360 | 39480 | 34320 | 29820 | Net present worth | 8004 | 17388 | 14647 | 12301 | 10305 | N.P.V | 53773 | | | | | B.C.R | 1.58 | | | | | I.R.R at 16.5% | > 50% | | | | | Avg DSCR | 4.21 | : 1 | | | |
Repayment Schedule | Amount in Rupees | | Year | Loan
Outstanding | Interest @
12% | Net income | Repayment | Net Surplus or Deficit | | | | | Principal | Interest | | 1 | 16160 | 1939 | 9200 | | 1939 | 7261 | 2 | 16160 | 1939 | 23000 | 3232 | 1939 | 17829 | 3 | 12928 | 1551 | 22260 | 4848 | 1551 | 15861 | 4 | 8080 | 970 | 21505 | 4848 | 970 | 15688 | 5 | 3232 | 388 | 20735 | 3232 | 388 | 17115 | | | | | | | | MODEL ON OYSTER MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
1. Introduction A model scheme for
cultivation of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) with commercial viability and being bankable has been prepared keeping in
view the Agro-climatic conditions and other related aspects for successful cultivation of the mushroom and its subsequent
marketing. The model proposed is to be initially implemented in the districts of Patna and Lakhiserai. Mushroom has
been identified as an activity for financing under SGSY in Lakhiserai. Apart from this, cultivation of mushroom can
be taken up on a large scale by individual entrepreneurs also. The agro-climatic conditions as well as local availability
of raw material makes mushroom cultivation an economically viable preposition in these districts. Mushrooms, also called
‘white vegetables’ or ‘boneless vegetarian meat’ contain ample amounts of proteins , vitamins, fibers
and medicines. Mushroom contains 20-35% protein (dry weight) which is higher than those of vegetables and fruits and is of
superior quality. It is considered ideal for patients of hypertension and diabetics. Mushroom offers prospects for converting
lignocellulosic residues from agricultural fields, forests into protein rich biomass. Such processing of agro waste not only
reduces environmental pollution but the by product of mushroom cultivation is also a good source of manure, animal feeds and
soil conditioner. Mushroom has a huge domestic and foreign market. It is estimated that there is a world market for 20 lakh
tonnes per annum in which the contribution of India is negligible. In the domestic market also the availability of mushroom
is limited to cities and big towns only. Mushrooms can be not only in raw form but also in dried form. There is huge international
demand for dried mushroom and the farmers gets a farm gate price of around Rs.250 per kg for dried oyster mushroom. There
are exporters in the market who are willing to supply the spawn (seed material) and also buy the dried mushrooms. The cultivation of
Oyster mushroom or Dhingri mushroom or Pleurotus spp is relatively simple and it can be a homestead project. The agro- climatic
conditions prevailing in Bihar is conducive for mushroom cultivation especially during the months of September to March
when the temperature is 20-30 C and relative humidity is 70-80%. The production gradually decreases during peak periods of
cold from 25 December to 14 January. Even during this period, cultivation of cold tolerant strains can be adopted. Considering
its suitability to the agro-climatic region and its potential to generate employment and income, a bankable model on cultivation
of oyster mushroom has been since prepared. Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotusspp.) Pleurotus spp. is
one of the choice edible mushrooms which can be cultivated in the tropics. It has gained importance only in the last
decade and is now being cultivated in many countries in the subtropical and temperate zones. In Europe it is known as
the oyster mushroom (P.ostreatus), while in China it is called the balone mushroom (P.abalonus or P. cystidiosus). Several
other species are now available for cultivation. These are P.sajor-caju, P.florida (probably a variant of P.ostrcatus),
P.sapidus, P.eryngii, P. columbinus, P.cornucopiae, and P.abellatus. The different species of Pleurotus are suited to growing within a
temperature range of 15 to 30oC, P.sajor-caju is tolerant of a tropical temperature of 28-30oC although,
it fruits faster and produces larger mushrooms at 25oC during the cooler months of the year or in the highlands
of the tropics. This is the species now popularly grown in the tropical Southeast Asian countries, including India.
P.abalonus prefers lower temperatures of 22-24oC and is most popular among the Chinese. P.ostreatus is the
so-called low-temperature pleurotus, fruiting mostly at 12-20oC. This species is more suited to the temperate climates
of Europe and the United States, although many growers in the USA are also producing P.sajor-caju. Like the other mushrooms,
Pleurotus spp. can be grown on various agricultural waste materials, with the use of different technologies. They grow
well on different types of lignocellulosic materials, converting the materials into digestible and protein-rich substances
suitable for animal feeds. Pleurotus spp. may be produced in the tropics on a mixture of sawdust and rice bran, rice
straw and rice bran, saw dust and ipil-ipil leaves and other combinations of tropical wastes. Other wastes such as corncobs,
cotton waste, sugarcane bagasse and laves, corn leaves, grasses, rice hulls, and water hyacinth leaves are also good substrates
for growing this mushroom (Quimio, 1986). The substrates used in each region depend upon the availability of agricultural
wastes. Sterilization / Pasteurization The use of a pressure cooker to sterilize
Pleurotus substrate is not recommended since sterilization kills beneficial micro organisms which are present in the substrate,
as well as the harmful ones. In addition, nutrients in the compost are broken down by sterilization into forms more
favorable for the growth and development of competing micro organisms (FAO, 1983). Thus, substrates that are sterilized
are easily contaminated unless spawned under very aseptic conditions, as in media and spawn preparation. Steaming at 100oC
(pasteurisation) is more acceptable because the cost is lower (the steamer may only be an ordinary large-capacity casserole
or a drum) and substrates thus steamed are less susceptible to contamination. The substrate is steamed for 2-3 hours,
depending on the volume and the size of the bags. When using a lower temperature (60-70oC) as in the case of room or
bulk pasteurisation, the substrates, whether in bulk or already packed in bags, are steamed for at least 6 to 8 hours.
Plate 11 shows a range of low-cost steamers designed for the tropics. Inoculation
/ Spawning Spawning is carried out aseptically; preferably using the same transfer chamber or the same inoculation room as is
used in spawn preparation. Grain or sawdust spawn is commonly used to inoculate the substrate in bags. With grain spawn, the
bottle is shaken to separate the seeds colonized with the white mycelium. After lifting the plug and flaming the mouth
of the bottle, a few spawn grains (about 1 to 2 tsp.) are poured into the substrate bag. Both the plug of the spawn
and the plug of the compost bag are replaced and the next bags are then inoculated. The newly inoculated bags are slightly
tilted to distribute the grains evenly in the shoulder area of the bag around the neck. For sawdust spawn, the spawn is broken
up with an aseptic needle. A piece of the spawn may then be transferred, using a long flat-spooned needle especially
designed to scoop the spawn. One bottle of grain or sawdust spawn in a 500-ml dextrose bottle is sufficient to inoculate
40 to 50 bags. The highly industrialized method involves bulk-pasteurisation and bulk-spawning before the substrates are distributed
in beds similar to those used for Agaricus. The system is labour-saving but requires more complex equipment. Bulk
material processing and handling are highly risky for tropical mushroom cultivation due to the risk of contamination. Incubation The spawned compost bags are kept in a dark room until the mycelium has fully penetrated
to the bottom of the substrate. In 20 to 30 days, depending upon the substrate/substrate combination, the substrate
appears white, due to the growth of the mycelium. The bags are kept for an additional week before they are opened to
check that the mycelium is mature enough to fruit. Most strains of the mushroom form primordia after 3 to 4 weeks of
mycelial growth. The bags are opened, to initiate fruiting, inside a mushroom house. Fruiting A mushroom house should be used and its size will depend on the number of bags prepared at any one time.
The house may be built of Nipa, sawali, wood or concrete. Air vents on the upper walls will provide the ventilation
required for the development of the sporocarps. At the same time a small amount of light should be provided inside the
house. The walls may be covered with plastic or foam sheets to increase the relative humidity (80.95%) in the production
house. Shelves, made from bamboo or wood, line both sides of the house. The shelves are on bamboo frames, one shelf
above the other, with about 40-50 cm space between them. They should be strong enough to hold the bags or blocks containing
the compost. The bags are opened by removing the plug and the PVC pipe neck, then rolling down the mouth of the bag. Alternatively,
the mouth portion may be cut off with a razor blade, or the bag may be slit either criss-crossed at four to six places, or
simply slashed lengthwise. When following the latter technique, the bags may be suspended with a rope or string.
When using blocks instead of bags, the blocks are opened either completely or with only the surface or upper portions exposed. Fruiting requires
an appropriate temperature range (20-28oC), ventilation, light moisture and humidity (80.-95%). To provide moisture,
daily watering of the substrate is required. Watering, however, should not be so excessive that the substrate becomes
waterlogged. If the temperature inside the house rises to more than 30oC, a light water mist should be frequently used to lower
the temperature and hasten fruiting. Doors and windows may also be opened, especially at night, to allow the cool night
air to enter. Approximately 3 to 4 days after opening the bags, mushroom primordia will begin to form. Mature mushrooms should
be ready for harvesting in another 2 to 3 days. If the substrate has not yet been completely colonized, the onset of
fruiting will be delayed. To harvest the mushrooms, they should be grasped by the stalk and gently twisted and pulled. A knife
should not be used. If kept in a refrigerator or in a cool place, the mushrooms should remain fresh for up to 3 to 6
days. After harvesting from the top end of the bag, the other end may be opened to allow fruiting. The two ends are
sometimes opened and allowed to fruit at the same time. After harvesting from the end portions, slits may be made on
the central portion of the bag so that more mushrooms can develop. When a sawdust substrate is used, the harvested surface
may be scraped lightly to expose a new surface for fruiting. As long as the substrate appears white, mushrooms will
continue to form under adequate environmental conditions. When it appears colorless and soft, it is time to remove the
bags from the house. Yield Yield ranges from about 100-200% of the dry weight of the substrate
and depends on the substrate combination as well as the way in which the substrate has been managed during the fruiting season.
From personal observations, the richer the combination and the whiter and denser the mycelium, the greater will be the mushroom
yield. To increase yield, the most common supplement used is urea or orchid fertilizer dissolved in water (100 gm in 100
liters water). Using a plastic mist sprayer, the solution is sprayed on the surface immediately before fruiting. | Oyster
Mushroom-Expenditure and Economics | | | | | Unit size : 200 Kg. Paddy straw/batch of 100 Kg. Mushrooms / batch | | | | | | | A. | Break up details
of expenditure: | Amount (Rs.) | | | | | | | | | I. Capital Cost | | | | | a) Thatched shed with wooden platform (250 sq.ft) | 250 | 50 | 12500 | | b) Vessels,
heating equipments and Rocker sprayer-Set | 1 | 4000 | 4000 | | | | | 16500 | | | | | | | II. Recurring cost (for first batch capitalised) | | | | | a) Polythene
bags (200 Nos.) | 200 | 3 | 600 | | b) Paddy straw (200 Kg.) | 200 | 4 | 800 | | c) Spawn 50 bottles | 50 | 14 | 700 | | d) Labour
charges | 20 | 50 | 1000 | | e) Fuel cost-Lump sum | 1 | 600 | 600 | | | | | 3700 | | | | | | | Total Cost | | | 20200 | | Margin @ 20% | | | 4040 | | Term Loan
amount | | | 16160 | | | | | | |
B | Assumptions | | | Sl.No. | Particulars / Year | 1 | 2 to 5 | 1 | Recurring
cost / Years | 14800 | 37000 | 2 | Batches per year-No. | 4 | 10 | 3 | Yield assumption (Kg.) | 400 | 1000 | 4 | Sale Price (Rs. Per Kg) | 60 | |
FINANCIAL INDICATORS | | | | | | Items | I Year | IIYear | III Year | IVYear | VYear | Expenditure | 14800 | 37000 | 37740 | 38495 | 39265 | Income | 24000 | 60000 | 60000 | 60000 | 60000 | Net Income | 9200 | 23000 | 22260 | 21505 | 20735 | D.F.@ 15% | 0.870 | 0.756 | 0.658 | 0.572 | 0.497 | Discounted cost | 12876 | 27972 | 24833 | 22019 | 19515 | Discounted Benefits | 20880 | 45360 | 39480 | 34320 | 29820 | Net present worth | 8004 | 17388 | 14647 | 12301 | 10305 | N.P.V | 53773 | | | | | B.C.R | 1.58 | | | | | I.R.R at 16.5% | > 50% | | | | | Avg DSCR | 4.21 | : 1 | | | |
Repayment Schedule | Amount in Rupees | | Year | Loan
Outstanding | Interest @
12% | Net income | Repayment | Net Surplus or Deficit | | | | | Principal | Interest | | 1 | 16160 | 1939 | 9200 | | 1939 | 7261 | 2 | 16160 | 1939 | 23000 | 3232 | 1939 | 17829 | 3 | 12928 | 1551 | 22260 | 4848 | 1551 | 15861 | 4 | 8080 | 970 | 21505 | 4848 | 970 | 15688 | 5 | 3232 | 388 | 20735 | 3232 | 388 | 17115 | | | | | | | | MODEL ON OYSTER MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
1. Introduction A model scheme for
cultivation of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) with commercial viability and being bankable has been prepared keeping in
view the Agro-climatic conditions and other related aspects for successful cultivation of the mushroom and its subsequent
marketing. The model proposed is to be initially implemented in the districts of Patna and Lakhiserai. Mushroom has
been identified as an activity for financing under SGSY in Lakhiserai. Apart from this, cultivation of mushroom can
be taken up on a large scale by individual entrepreneurs also. The agro-climatic conditions as well as local availability
of raw material makes mushroom cultivation an economically viable preposition in these districts. Mushrooms, also called
‘white vegetables’ or ‘boneless vegetarian meat’ contain ample amounts of proteins , vitamins, fibers
and medicines. Mushroom contains 20-35% protein (dry weight) which is higher than those of vegetables and fruits and is of
superior quality. It is considered ideal for patients of hypertension and diabetics. Mushroom offers prospects for converting
lignocellulosic residues from agricultural fields, forests into protein rich biomass. Such processing of agro waste not only
reduces environmental pollution but the by product of mushroom cultivation is also a good source of manure, animal feeds and
soil conditioner. Mushroom has a huge domestic and foreign market. It is estimated that there is a world market for 20 lakh
tonnes per annum in which the contribution of India is negligible. In the domestic market also the availability of mushroom
is limited to cities and big towns only. Mushrooms can be not only in raw form but also in dried form. There is huge international
demand for dried mushroom and the farmers gets a farm gate price of around Rs.250 per kg for dried oyster mushroom. There
are exporters in the market who are willing to supply the spawn (seed material) and also buy the dried mushrooms. The cultivation of
Oyster mushroom or Dhingri mushroom or Pleurotus spp is relatively simple and it can be a homestead project. The agro- climatic
conditions prevailing in Bihar is conducive for mushroom cultivation especially during the months of September to March
when the temperature is 20-30 C and relative humidity is 70-80%. The production gradually decreases during peak periods of
cold from 25 December to 14 January. Even during this period, cultivation of cold tolerant strains can be adopted. Considering
its suitability to the agro-climatic region and its potential to generate employment and income, a bankable model on cultivation
of oyster mushroom has been since prepared. Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotusspp.) Pleurotus spp. is
one of the choice edible mushrooms which can be cultivated in the tropics. It has gained importance only in the last
decade and is now being cultivated in many countries in the subtropical and temperate zones. In Europe it is known as
the oyster mushroom (P.ostreatus), while in China it is called the balone mushroom (P.abalonus or P. cystidiosus). Several
other species are now available for cultivation. These are P.sajor-caju, P.florida (probably a variant of P.ostrcatus),
P.sapidus, P.eryngii, P. columbinus, P.cornucopiae, and P.abellatus. The different species of Pleurotus are suited to growing within a
temperature range of 15 to 30oC, P.sajor-caju is tolerant of a tropical temperature of 28-30oC although,
it fruits faster and produces larger mushrooms at 25oC during the cooler months of the year or in the highlands
of the tropics. This is the species now popularly grown in the tropical Southeast Asian countries, including India.
P.abalonus prefers lower temperatures of 22-24oC and is most popular among the Chinese. P.ostreatus is the
so-called low-temperature pleurotus, fruiting mostly at 12-20oC. This species is more suited to the temperate climates
of Europe and the United States, although many growers in the USA are also producing P.sajor-caju. Like the other mushrooms,
Pleurotus spp. can be grown on various agricultural waste materials, with the use of different technologies. They grow
well on different types of lignocellulosic materials, converting the materials into digestible and protein-rich substances
suitable for animal feeds. Pleurotus spp. may be produced in the tropics on a mixture of sawdust and rice bran, rice
straw and rice bran, saw dust and ipil-ipil leaves and other combinations of tropical wastes. Other wastes such as corncobs,
cotton waste, sugarcane bagasse and laves, corn leaves, grasses, rice hulls, and water hyacinth leaves are also good substrates
for growing this mushroom (Quimio, 1986). The substrates used in each region depend upon the availability of agricultural
wastes. Sterilization / Pasteurization The use of a pressure cooker to sterilize
Pleurotus substrate is not recommended since sterilization kills beneficial micro organisms which are present in the substrate,
as well as the harmful ones. In addition, nutrients in the compost are broken down by sterilization into forms more
favorable for the growth and development of competing micro organisms (FAO, 1983). Thus, substrates that are sterilized
are easily contaminated unless spawned under very aseptic conditions, as in media and spawn preparation. Steaming at 100oC
(pasteurisation) is more acceptable because the cost is lower (the steamer may only be an ordinary large-capacity casserole
or a drum) and substrates thus steamed are less susceptible to contamination. The substrate is steamed for 2-3 hours,
depending on the volume and the size of the bags. When using a lower temperature (60-70oC) as in the case of room or
bulk pasteurisation, the substrates, whether in bulk or already packed in bags, are steamed for at least 6 to 8 hours.
Plate 11 shows a range of low-cost steamers designed for the tropics. Inoculation
/ Spawning Spawning is carried out aseptically; preferably using the same transfer chamber or the same inoculation room as is
used in spawn preparation. Grain or sawdust spawn is commonly used to inoculate the substrate in bags. With grain spawn, the
bottle is shaken to separate the seeds colonized with the white mycelium. After lifting the plug and flaming the mouth
of the bottle, a few spawn grains (about 1 to 2 tsp.) are poured into the substrate bag. Both the plug of the spawn
and the plug of the compost bag are replaced and the next bags are then inoculated. The newly inoculated bags are slightly
tilted to distribute the grains evenly in the shoulder area of the bag around the neck. For sawdust spawn, the spawn is broken
up with an aseptic needle. A piece of the spawn may then be transferred, using a long flat-spooned needle especially
designed to scoop the spawn. One bottle of grain or sawdust spawn in a 500-ml dextrose bottle is sufficient to inoculate
40 to 50 bags. The highly industrialized method involves bulk-pasteurisation and bulk-spawning before the substrates are distributed
in beds similar to those used for Agaricus. The system is labour-saving but requires more complex equipment. Bulk
material processing and handling are highly risky for tropical mushroom cultivation due to the risk of contamination. Incubation The spawned compost bags are kept in a dark room until the mycelium has fully penetrated
to the bottom of the substrate. In 20 to 30 days, depending upon the substrate/substrate combination, the substrate
appears white, due to the growth of the mycelium. The bags are kept for an additional week before they are opened to
check that the mycelium is mature enough to fruit. Most strains of the mushroom form primordia after 3 to 4 weeks of
mycelial growth. The bags are opened, to initiate fruiting, inside a mushroom house. Fruiting A mushroom house should be used and its size will depend on the number of bags prepared at any one time.
The house may be built of Nipa, sawali, wood or concrete. Air vents on the upper walls will provide the ventilation
required for the development of the sporocarps. At the same time a small amount of light should be provided inside the
house. The walls may be covered with plastic or foam sheets to increase the relative humidity (80.95%) in the production
house. Shelves, made from bamboo or wood, line both sides of the house. The shelves are on bamboo frames, one shelf
above the other, with about 40-50 cm space between them. They should be strong enough to hold the bags or blocks containing
the compost. The bags are opened by removing the plug and the PVC pipe neck, then rolling down the mouth of the bag. Alternatively,
the mouth portion may be cut off with a razor blade, or the bag may be slit either criss-crossed at four to six places, or
simply slashed lengthwise. When following the latter technique, the bags may be suspended with a rope or string.
When using blocks instead of bags, the blocks are opened either completely or with only the surface or upper portions exposed. Fruiting requires
an appropriate temperature range (20-28oC), ventilation, light moisture and humidity (80.-95%). To provide moisture,
daily watering of the substrate is required. Watering, however, should not be so excessive that the substrate becomes
waterlogged. If the temperature inside the house rises to more than 30oC, a light water mist should be frequently used to lower
the temperature and hasten fruiting. Doors and windows may also be opened, especially at night, to allow the cool night
air to enter. Approximately 3 to 4 days after opening the bags, mushroom primordia will begin to form. Mature mushrooms should
be ready for harvesting in another 2 to 3 days. If the substrate has not yet been completely colonized, the onset of
fruiting will be delayed. To harvest the mushrooms, they should be grasped by the stalk and gently twisted and pulled. A knife
should not be used. If kept in a refrigerator or in a cool place, the mushrooms should remain fresh for up to 3 to 6
days. After harvesting from the top end of the bag, the other end may be opened to allow fruiting. The two ends are
sometimes opened and allowed to fruit at the same time. After harvesting from the end portions, slits may be made on
the central portion of the bag so that more mushrooms can develop. When a sawdust substrate is used, the harvested surface
may be scraped lightly to expose a new surface for fruiting. As long as the substrate appears white, mushrooms will
continue to form under adequate environmental conditions. When it appears colorless and soft, it is time to remove the
bags from the house. Yield Yield ranges from about 100-200% of the dry weight of the substrate
and depends on the substrate combination as well as the way in which the substrate has been managed during the fruiting season.
From personal observations, the richer the combination and the whiter and denser the mycelium, the greater will be the mushroom
yield. To increase yield, the most common supplement used is urea or orchid fertilizer dissolved in water (100 gm in 100
liters water). Using a plastic mist sprayer, the solution is sprayed on the surface immediately before fruiting. | Oyster
Mushroom-Expenditure and Economics | | | | | Unit size : 200 Kg. Paddy straw/batch of 100 Kg. Mushrooms / batch | | | | | | | A. | Break up details
of expenditure: | Amount (Rs.) | | | | | | | | | I. Capital Cost | | | | | a) Thatched shed with wooden platform (250 sq.ft) | 250 | 50 | 12500 | | b) Vessels,
heating equipments and Rocker sprayer-Set | 1 | 4000 | 4000 | | | | | 16500 | | | | | | | II. Recurring cost (for first batch capitalised) | | | | | a) Polythene
bags (200 Nos.) | 200 | 3 | 600 | | b) Paddy straw (200 Kg.) | 200 | 4 | 800 | | c) Spawn 50 bottles | 50 | 14 | 700 | | d) Labour
charges | 20 | 50 | 1000 | | e) Fuel cost-Lump sum | 1 | 600 | 600 | | | | | 3700 | | | | | | | Total Cost | | | 20200 | | Margin @ 20% | | | 4040 | | Term Loan
amount | | | 16160 | | | | | | |
B | Assumptions | | | Sl.No. | Particulars / Year | 1 | 2 to 5 | 1 | Recurring
cost / Years | 14800 | 37000 | 2 | Batches per year-No. | 4 | 10 | 3 | Yield assumption (Kg.) | 400 | 1000 | 4 | Sale Price (Rs. Per Kg) | 60 | |
FINANCIAL INDICATORS | | | | | | Items | I Year | IIYear | III Year | IVYear | VYear | Expenditure | 14800 | 37000 | 37740 | 38495 | 39265 | Income | 24000 | 60000 | 60000 | 60000 | 60000 | Net Income | 9200 | 23000 | 22260 | 21505 | 20735 | D.F.@ 15% | 0.870 | 0.756 | 0.658 | 0.572 | 0.497 | Discounted cost | 12876 | 27972 | 24833 | 22019 | 19515 | Discounted Benefits | 20880 | 45360 | 39480 | 34320 | 29820 | Net present worth | 8004 | 17388 | 14647 | 12301 | 10305 | N.P.V | 53773 | | | | | B.C.R | 1.58 | | | | | I.R.R at 16.5% | > 50% | | | | | Avg DSCR | 4.21 | : 1 | | | |
Repayment Schedule | Amount in Rupees | | Year | Loan
Outstanding | Interest @
12% | Net income | Repayment | Net Surplus or Deficit | | | | | Principal | Interest | | 1 | 16160 | 1939 | 9200 | | 1939 | 7261 | 2 | 16160 | 1939 | 23000 | 3232 | 1939 | 17829 | 3 | 12928 | 1551 | 22260 | 4848 | 1551 | 15861 | 4 | 8080 | 970 | 21505 | 4848 | 970 | 15688 | 5 | 3232 | 388 | 20735 | 3232 | 388 | 17115 | | | | | | | | |
|
|
|
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AND PROJECT 9565247168/8090495029 sneh.bhatnagar@gmail.com
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Babu Market, Hardoi Road, Phone - 09935394022
Kamad Polyclinic and Trauma Centre, 1/117,
VIRAM KHAND, GOMTI NAGAR, LUCKNOW, U.P., Phone Number - 0522 2394801 Kamakhya Hospital, Hardoi Road, Mali Khan Sarain, Near Kamakhya Hospital, Chowk, Lalbagh, Contact-
0522 4044662 Kandra Hospital, East Pakka Pul, Khadra,
Sitapur Road, Daliganj, Khadra, Lucknow, Lucknow, Phone Number - 09415419537 King Medical Centre, Durgaganj, Maliha Bad, Lucknow, Ph: 227102, - 09415328915 Kiran Hospital,Sec-F, Parag Road, L.D.A. Colony, Kanpur Road,
Lucknow, Phone Number - 0522 2421807 KK Hospital, 87/88, Aabi Bullah Road, River Bank Colony,
River Bank Colony, Phone Number - 0522 2619049 Krishna Medical Centre 1, Rana Pratap Marg, Parivartan Churaha, Lucknow Phone Number - 0522 2616064 Kundan Hospital,B-2008, Indara Nagar, Lucknow Phone - 0522 2348393 Lav Dental Hospital, Water Works Road, Aishbagh, Lucknow, Phone Number -
09415018876 Life Hospital, 3No, Chillawa, Kanpur
Road, Amousi, Lucknow, Phone Number - 0522 3247105 Life
Line Hospital, Maha Nagar, Gole Market, Mandi Road, Phone Number - 0522 2335205 Lonely Nursing And Maternity, Toop Darvaja, Chaupatiya Road, Near Shakher PCO, Chaupatiya, Lucknow Nursing Home, Bhuiya Devi Mandir, Adil Nagar, Kursi Road
Kalyanpur, Phone - 09935678120 Manas
Institute, 7, Near Raja Bazar, Chowk, Shubhas Marg, Lucknow, Phone Number - 0522 2508759 Mansarowar Netra Clinic, Vidhan Sabha Marg, Akashwani (Royal Hotel Chauraha), Aminabad, Phone Number
- 0522 2628655 Medical Care Centre and Hospital, Laxmi Complex, Kanpur Road, Alambagh, Lucknow, Phone Number
- 0522 2454100 Meejan Hospital, Shyam Nagar, Indra Nagar,
Picnic Spot Road, Khurram Nagar, Contact - 09335368838 Metro
Hospital Advanced Dental Care,Vijai Khand-2, Near Over Bridge, Gomti Nagar, Phone: - 09335911515 Mishra Ayurved Hospital, 1/81, Vineet Khand, Gomti Nagar, Gomti
Nagar, Mobile: - 09838564935 Mother and Eye Care Centre, Bala Ji Complex Road, L.D.A. Colony,
L.D.A. Colony, Lucknow, Phone Number - 09305443363 Motor
And Child Care Clinic, Tarun Market, Daliganj, Lucknow, Phone Number - 09415082535 Mustafa Health Centre, Hasan Ganj, Thakurganj National Hospital, Madhuwan Marrige Hall, Tikatiraj Mohan Road,
Raja Ji Puram, Phone - 09335238299 Navjeenvan
Hospital, F-2256,Opposite Bhuiyan Devi Mandir, Rajaji Puram, Phone: - 0522 2416648 Nayab Hospital, 86/251, Ram Gopal Vidyant Road, Maqboolganj, Phone Number
- 0522 2331546 Neelkanth Hospital And Eye Care Centre,
Near Lal Masjid, Hardoi Road, Balaganj, Lucknow New
Seva Hospital,Faizabad Road, Chinhat, Phone- 09838036550 Nirvan
Hospital,Chinhut, Faizabad Road, Phone - 0522 2700211 Nishat
Hospital, 5, J.C.B.ose Marg, Lucknow, Phone Number - 0522 2629674 Noormanzil Phychiatric Centre, Noormanzil Road, Lucknow, Phone Number - 0522
2282491 Om Hospital, Sarojini Nagar, Kanpur Road, Hydil Colony, Gauri Bazar, Phone Number
- 09839509624 Paneajaly Hospital,Bara
Birwa, Krishna Nagar, Kanpur Road, L.D.A. Colony, Phone Number - 09915007404 Prabhakar Hospital And Maternity Home,Sec-A, Sitapur Road, Aligang, Lucknow Prakash Netra Ketra Kendar, 39, Vijay Nagar Krishna Nagar, Krishna
Nagar, Number - 0522 6537199 Prakash
Netralaya, Lucknow Precision Eye Care,27,
Chandralok Kapoorthala Road, Aliganj, Phone - 0522 2320062 Prem
Hospital, Sultanpur Road, Thana Goshaiganj, Gosaiganj, Mobile: 09450451259 Punarjeevan Kendar, 2/222, Vikash Khand, Gomti Nagar, Phone- 0522 4002717 Rachna Maternity Centre, Alambagh, Krishna Nagar, Lucknow,
Phone Number - 09839189249 Radha Clinic,
Pink City, Mohan Road, Raja Ji Puram, Lucknow Phone - 09305773627 Radha
Krishna Hospital, Gumti No.-5, Sutlanpur Road, Gosaiganj, Phone- 09415072228 Raj Scanning Centre, Babu Makulal, Ziyamau, Lucknow, Phone Number - 0522 2206981 Rajchandra Hospital,4,8 Damodar Nagar,Alambagh, V I P Road, Phone:
- 0522 2465610 Rajdhani Hospital & Maternity Centre,Near
Pakka Pul (East), Khadra, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, - 0522 2743395 Rajdhani
Hospital and Children Centre, East Pakka Pul, Khadra, Sitapur Road, Daliganj, Khadra, Phone Number - 09918414454 Rajendra Nagar Hospital, Lucknow, Rajeswari Hospital and Research Centre,South City, Raibareli Road, Number
- 09335243114 Rajpoot Hospital Contact Number+91 522
2451183 - More Rajpoot Hospital, Azad Nagar, Alambagh,
Lucknow , Phone Number - 0522 2451183 Rama
Nursing Home, Haiderganj, Near Khala Bazar, Ayurvedic Hospital, Talkatora Road Phone Number - 0522 2262409 Rani Laxmi Bai Combined Hospital A
Block, Rajajipuram, Lucknow Emergency Phone: 0522 -2661370 Rastriya
Chikistalay, Hassiyamau, Thakurganj, Contact: 0522 2648025 RK Hospital, Gosaiganj Bus Stop, Gosiganj, Lucknow, Contact- 09935441388 S. Relife Hospital,Alok Nagar, Ahibaranpur, Sitapur Road, Triveni Nagar, Contact - 09450101283 Saarah Polyclinic, Picnic Spot, Faridi Nagar, Contact Number-
09415514407 Sabab Polyclinic, Tagore Marg, Man Kameshwar
Mandir, Nadaw College, Daliganj, Number - 0522 2741198 Sadiya
Hospital, Nai Sadar Chouraha, Mahihabad, Lucknow, Phone: , - 09335284417 Sahani Nursing Home, 56-D, Patel Nagar, Alambagh, Lucknow Phone Number - 0522 2455801 Sahara Hospital, Virajkhand,, Hanimann Crossing, Gomtinagar,
Phone Number - 0522 2331408 Saket
Hospital,Gulacheen Mandir, Vikash Nagar, Hazaratganj, Phone- 0522 2968072 Sana Hospital, Biharipur, Mohan Road, Sahadatganj, Phone: 0522 6990551 Sana Hospital, Sec-12, Tikatiraj Mohan Road, Raja Ji Puram, Phone:
- 0522 2649797 Sanjivini Lung Centre, 1/142, Vijai Khand,
Gomati Nagar, Phone: 09335577088 Saral Ayurvadic
And Shandhan, A-3/4, Vijay Khand-3, Gomti Nagar, Phone: 0522 3239191 Sarda Hospital,Pink City, Mohan Road, Raja Ji Puram, Contact : 0522 3258271 Satya Shive Hospital Contact Number+91 522 2325815 - More Satya Shive Hospital, B-1,Mahanabar Vistar,Near New Hanuman Mandir,
H Road, Phone: 2325815 Seth LM
Hospital - Contact Number +91 522 2472709 - More Seth
LM Hospital, Alambagh, Krishna Nagar, Phone Number - 0522 2472709 Shalimar Hospital, Indra Nagar, Indra Nagar, Phone Number
- 0522 2310185 Shanti Clinic And Hospital,180, Virat
Khand, Gomti Nagar, Phone 0522 4011039 Shekhar
Hospital Contact Number+91 522 2352352 - More Shekhar
Hospital Private Limited, Lucknow, Phone Number - 0522 2352356 Shifa Nurshing Home, Mirzaganj, Maliha Bad, Phone - 09935507036 Shiva Hospital, 3/552, Ring Road, Vikash Nagar, Lucknow, Phone Number - 0522 6538913 Shre Maharaj Agarsjen, Sadar Bazar, Dadar Bazar, Phone -
09839067950 Sips Hospital, 29, Shahmeena Road, Jawahar
Nagar, Lucknow, Phone Number - 09415171434 SK
Hospital, Aashiyana Chauraha, V.I.P. Road, Near Gomti Wala, Aashiyana, Phone Number - 09335329688 Skin Diseases Hospital, Nawab Gaznafar Husan, Hasanganj, Lucknow
SKD Hospital ( a venture of SKD Group - commitment to Health Care),
Address & Contact Numbers :63-A Krishna
Nagar, Kanpur Road, Alambagh, Lucknow Helplines:4044111,2472709
-24 hrs. Emergency services available
Sri Mata Prasad Hospital, Janki Puram, Sitapur Road, Chauraha,
Janki Puram, 09415093138 Sri Ram Hospital,sec-4/998,
Shahnai Guest House, Vikash Nagar, Phone Number - 09935974274 St. Josep Hospital, Vikash Khand, Gomti Nagar, Phone- 0522 4054228 St. Joseph Hospital, E-2/307, Vishal Khand, St. Mary Hospital, Bhudheswar, Mohan Road, Alam Nagar, Para, Phone Number - 09451876813 Star Hospital, Tanseenganj, Chupatiya Star Nursing Home, Pink City, Mohan Road, Raja Ji Puram, Lucknow, Phone:
09305105859 Sun Shini Hospital, New Harderganj, Campbell
Road, Phone: 09336884022 Surya Hope
Hospital, Money Mountain Complex, Telibagh, Phone Number - 09889335442 Surya Hospital, Bangala Bazar, Bangala Bazar, Phone: 0522 2423688 Sushma Hospital, Gomti Nagar, Kalyanpur, Phone: 0522 2701322 Sushma Hospital, Sec-8, C.P, 103, Polytechnic, Faizabad Road, Lucknow Swami Vivekanand Chikitsalya, Sec-12, E-4569, Mohan Road, Raja
Ji Puram, Lucknow TH Chandan Singh Memorial, Bulaki
Adda Road, Talkatora Road, Chanda Market, Talkatora, Number - 09305794203 The South City Hospital, South City, Raibareli Road, Lucknow Phone Number
- 09235772213 Tuberculosis Hospital, Lucknow,
Phone Number Udyan Health Care,
Bangala Bazar, (Opposite AHOW) Sharda Nagar, (Adjacent to Ashiyana) Lucknow Contact Number - 0522 2447498
Ujala Medical Centre Lucknow, Near B Block crossing, Indira Nagar, Lucknow
Phone Number : 0522-2340804, 3440805Uma
Medical Centre, Nai Sadar Chouraha, Mahihabad, Lucknow, - 09450411171 Urmila Hospital, Puraniya Sitapur Road, Sitapur Road, Sitapur Road,Landline Phone: 0522 3244258 V Care Hospital, Patanala Police Chawk Mandi, Chawk, Contact:
0522 3232331 Vaishali Maternity, K-956,
Sec-K, Aashiyana Road, Aashiyana, Contact Number - 0522 2423690 Varsha
Hospital,Sec-17, Indara Nagar, Contact Number : 4024773 Vartika Hospital,Bhuiya Devi Mandir, Kursi Road Kalyanpur, Lucknow Verma Hospital, Pink City, Mohan Road, Raja Ji Puram, Phone- 0522 2891080 Vinayak Hospital ,Shekhapura,898, Vikas Nagar, Vision -The Eye & Retina Centre, B-29, Sector-C Aliganj, Behind Aliganj Post Office, Phone 0522
2334459 We Care Hospital, Chowk Mandi,Near Pata
Nala Police Chowki, Thakur Ganj, Phone - 0522 3202039 Vivekanand Hospital Address: Niralanagar, Near Raidas Mandir Crossing OverBridge Contact Numbers: :
0522-2321277, 2328486, 2325082, 2328942, 2328943 Yash
Hospital, 523, Nai Basti, Sadar Cant, Sadar, Phone: 0522 2481242 Zahira
Life Care, Zahira Colony, Muftiganj, Muftiganj, Phone: 09935437530 Zenisess Hospital, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, ------------------------------------
THAROCARE
FAIZABAD 9415061802/7607685338/9452011913
- DR SYED ATIQ MEMORIAL CANSOR HERBAL CLINIC 9335925388
DE TOXIFICATION CENTER AND CARE HOMIOPATHIK CLINIC LUCKNOW 94538399377/8896050256
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